Superstring Theory

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Superstring theory is a theory that attempts to unify all the particles and fundamental forces in nature in a theory, modelling them as vibrations of tiny super symmetric strings. It is regarded as one of the most promising candidate theories of quantum gravity. Superstring theory is an abbreviation of "super symmetry string theory", because the opposite of boson’s string theory, it is the version of string theory, unifying called fermions — and super symmetry.

The biggest problem of theoretical physics is the unification of general relativity, which explains gravity and refers to large structures (stars, galaxies, Super clusters) with quantum mechanics, which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the microscopic level-electromagnetism, strong nuclear and weak nuclear interaction.

The development of the quantum theory of the field often leads to singularities (infinities), which are rejected as non-physical solutions. Physicists have developed mathematical techniques (renormalization) to eliminate these infinities which work well in the electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear interaction, but not for gravity. Thus the development of a theory of quantum gravity must be done by different means than those used for the other forces.

The basic idea is that the fundamental constituents of reality are strings with length of Plank (about 10^(−35) meters) which vibrate at resonant frequencies. The power of stretching of these strings (8.9 X10^42 newton) is about 10^40 times power of stretching the average chord of piano (735 newton). Graviton (particle-carrier of gravitational forces) for example, foreseen by the theory to be string with amplitude of oscillation of zero.

Singularities are avoided because the observed consequences of Big collapse (contraction of the universe) will never reach zero size. In fact, if the universe begin the process from the type of "big failure" string theory predicts that the universe can’t becomes smaller than the size of the string at this point would have begun to expand.

Additional dimensions

In our physical space are seen only four major dimensions and physical theory should have this in mind, but nothing prevents a theory to examine more than four dimensions. In this case, the consistency of the theory requires space time to have string theories 10, 11 or 26 dimensions. The conflict between observation and theory is solved assuming that non observer dimensions are called compact dimensions (they are so small, that are inaccessible to observation).

The human mind knows the three-dimensional space and can hardly imagine even a fourth spatial dimension and fewer still higher. But even in this State, we see only 2 + 1 dimensions; vision in three dimensions would make it possible to see at once all the sides (with the exception of the inside) of the object. One way to deal with this limitation is not an attempt to see the big dimensions as a whole, and just to think of them as extra numbers in the equations that describe the way the world works. This raises the question of whether these ' extra numbers ' can be investigated directly in any experiment (which must show different results of scientists in 1, 2, or 2 + 1 dimensions). Some skeptics raise the question whether models that rely on such abstract modeling (and potentially impossibly huge experimental apparatus) can be considered "scientific". 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau variety can give an explanation for the additional dimensions required by superstring theory.

Superstring theory was the first theory involving extra spatial dimensions. Modern string theory builds on relies on the mathematics and topology, which develop large-scale after Kaluza and Klein and make physical theories, based on extra dimensions more believable.