Theory of strings

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Theory of strings (rarely and string theory) is a model of theoretical physics which seeks to explain all of the available forces in nature and the elementary particles. Its building blocks are one dimensional objects (strings) instead of no dimensional (particles) that are the basis of the standard model of particle physics. For this reason, the theory of strings is able to solve problems arising from the fact that quantum mechanics elementary particles seen as spot objects. It is expected that string theory to develop a reasonable theory of quantum gravity. Moreover, it is assumed that string theory will be able to unify our well-known in nature: forces gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear interaction, describe them with a set of equations.

Theory of strings looks through not only one dimensional, but strings and multidimensional objects. It implies the existence of 10 or 11 dimensions of space time, as opposed to the classic 4 dimensions (spatial – x, y and z and time t). The basic idea of all string theories is that the main building particles of reality are strings with “very tiny” dimensions (probably with the length of the Plank – around 10-35 m), which vibrate with specific resonant frequencies. So each particle should be seen as the microscopic one dimensional vibrator object instead of as a point. This object may be flickers in different mods (as the strings of his guitar can play different tones), each mode appears to be a different elementary particle (photon, electron, etc.). The strings can divide and merge, which is the equivalent of the particles to absorb or emit other particles, like the nuclear reactions between elementary particles.

Theory of strings describes both open strings, which have two defined endpoints, and closed strings whose ends are joined. These two types behave in different ways, yielding two different spectrums. For example, in most string theories one of the tones of a closed string appears to be Graviton, and one of the tones of an open string is the photon. Since both ends of an open string can always join it, there is no theory of strings without closed strings. The earliest model theory of strings-bosons involving only bosons, describes in low enough energies, theory of quantum gravity. This model, however, there are some limitations. As the name implies, the spectrum of particles of this theory covers only bosons, particles like the photon, which roughly speaking are forming of radiation (radiation), but not of matter, which is made up of fermions. Theories of strings that include fermions are known as superstring theories. There are several varieties of these theories (see superstring Theory), but they are all borderline cases of a newer theory, m-theory.

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